Distribution, Diversity and Biochemical Analysis of Endophytic Fungi Associated with Chromolaena odorata
Kistu Singh Nongthombam *
Department of Life Sciences (Botany), Manipur University, Canchipur-795003, Manipur, India.
Shyamkesho Singh Mutum
Department of Life Sciences (Botany), Manipur University, Canchipur-795003, Manipur, India.
Radha Raman Pandey
Department of Life Sciences (Botany), Manipur University, Canchipur-795003, Manipur, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Chromolaena odorata is a medicinal plant that possesses several properties, including antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, etc., and has been used in traditional medicine in various parts of the world. Medicinal plants are associated with endophytic fungi that have potential biological activities as well as protect the plant from biotic and abiotic agents. In this study, endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves, stems, roots, and inflorescence of C. odorata and identified morphologically. Nineteen sporulating endophytic fungi belonging to 9 genera, 8 families and 4 classes, and three sterile forms were obtained. The isolation data recorded were used to calculate Isolation rate, Colonization frequency, Infection rate and Relative occurrence of different groups of fungi. The highest Isolation rate was found in the stem part (34.75%); the highest overall Colonization frequency (%) was shown by Chaetomium globosum (8.51%); the maximum Infection rate was found in root segments (77.86%); and the maximum isolate belongs to Sordariomycetes, showing 43.50%. Simpson’s dominance index, Simpson’s diversity index, Species richness, Shannon-Wiener index and Evenness (E) index were calculated to reveal diversity indices. The maximum diversity was recorded in the leaf part (0.99), and the maximum number of endophytic fungal species was observed in stem segments. The production of biochemicals was analyzed qualitatively, and it was observed that all the isolates produce flavonoids and phenols. This indicates that endophytic fungi are a storehouse of natural compounds and can be applied in agriculture, medicine, and pharmaceutical industries.
Keywords: Chromolaena odorata, endophytic fungi, diversity, colonization, flavonoids
How to Cite
Downloads
References
Sinha RP, editor. Natural bioactive compounds: Technological advancements. Academic Press; 2020.
Shakya AK. Medicinal plants: Future source of new drugs. International journal of herbal medicine. 2016;4(4):59-64.
Sen S, Chakraborty R, De B. Challenges and opportunities in the advancement of herbal medicine: India’s position and role in a global context. Journal of Herbal medicine. 2011;1(3-4):67-75. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2011.11.001
Amirita A, Sindhu P, Swetha J, Vasanthi NS, Kannan KP. Enumeration of endophytic fungi from medicinal plants and screening of extracellular enzymes. World J Sci Technol. 2012;2(2):13-9.
Choudhary B, Chauhan OP, Mishra A. Edible seaweeds: a potential novel source of bioactive metabolites and nutraceuticals with human health benefits. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2021 Oct 5;8:740054. Available:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.740054
Petrini O. Fungal endophytes of tree leaves. InMicrobial ecology of leaves. 1991:179-197. New York, NY: Springer New York. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3168-4_9
Strobel G, Daisy B. Bioprospecting for microbial endophytes and their natural products. Microbiology and molecular biology reviews. 2003;67(4):491-502. Available:https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.67.4.491-502.2003
Rodriguez RJ, White Jr JF, Arnold AE, Redman AR. Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles. New phytologist. 2009;182(2):314-30. Available:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02773.x
Eaton CJ, Cox MP, Scott B. What triggers grass endophytes to switch from mutualism to pathogenism?. Plant Science. 2011;180(2):190-5. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.10.002
Rashmi M, Kushveer JS, Sarma VV. A worldwide list of endophytic fungi with notes on ecology and diversity. Mycosphere. 2019;10(1):798-1079. Available:https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/19
Nisa H, Kamili AN, Nawchoo IA, Shafi S, Shameem N, Bandh SA. Fungal endophytes as prolific source of phytochemicals and other bioactive natural products: a review. Microbial pathogenesis. 2015;82:50-9. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2015.04.001
Aharwal RP, Kumar S, Sandhu SS. Endophytic mycoflora as a source of biotherapeutic compounds for disease treatment. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2016;6(10):242-54. Available:https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2016.601034
Manganyi MC, Ateba CN. Untapped potentials of endophytic fungi: A review of novel bioactive compounds with biological applications. Microorganisms. 2020;8(12): 1934. Available:https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8121934
Phan TT, Wang L, See P, Grayer RJ, Chan SY, Lee ST. Phenolic compounds of Chromolaena odorata protect cultured skin cells from oxidative damage: implication for cutaneous wound healing. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2001;24(12): 1373-9. Available:https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.24.1373
Sirinthipaporn A, Jiraungkoorskul W. Wound healing property review of siam weed, Chromolaena odorata. Pharmacognosy reviews. 2017;11(21):35. Available:https://doi.org/10.4103/phrev.phrev_53_16
Akinmoladun AC, Ibukun EO, Dan-Ologe IA. Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant properties of extracts from the leaves of Chromolaena odorata. Scientific Research and Essay. 2007;2(6):191-4.
Onkaramurthy M, Veerapur VP, Thippeswamy BS, Reddy TM, Rayappa H, Badami S. Anti-diabetic and anti-cataract effects of Chromolaena odorata Linn., in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2013; 145(1):363-72. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.023
Hallmann J, Berg G, Schulz B. Isolation procedures for endophytic microorganisms. InMicrobial root endophytes. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2006;299-319. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-33526-9
Watanabe T. Pictorial atlas of soil and seed fungi: morphologies of cultured fungi and key to species. CRC press; 2002. Available:https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420040821
Kidd S, Halliday C, Ellis D. Descriptions of medical fungi. CABI; 2022.
Yu J, Wu Y, He Z, Li M, Zhu K, Gao B. Diversity and antifungal activity of endophytic fungi associated with Camellia oleifera. Mycobiology. 2018;46(2):85-91. Available:https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2018.1454008
Suryanarayanan TS, Venkatesan G, Murali T. Endophytic fungal communities in leaves of tropical forest trees: diversity and distribution patterns. Current Science. 2003:489-93. Available:https://www.jstor.org/stable/24108544
Kumar DS, Hyde KD. Biodiversity and tissue-recurrence of endophytic fungi in Tripterygium wilfordii. Fungal diversity; 2004.
Verma VC, Gond SK, Kumar A, Kharwar RN, Strobel G. The endophytic mycoflora of bark, leaf, and stem tissues of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) from Varanasi (India). Microbial Ecology. 2007; 54:119-25. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-006-9179-9
Jena SK, Tayung K. Endophytic fungal communities associated with two ethno-medicinal plants of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, India and their antimicrobial prospective. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2013 3(4,):S7-12. Available:https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2013.34.S2
Sharma CM, Mishra AK, Tiwari OP, Krishan R, Rana YS. Regeneration patterns of tree species along an elevational gradient in the Garhwal Himalaya. Mountain Research and Development. 2018 Aug;38(3):211-9. Available:https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-15-00076.1
Sharma D, Pramanik A, Agrawal PK. Evaluation of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis neglecta BAB-5510 isolated from leaves of Cupressus torulosa D. Don. 3 Biotech. 2016;6(2):210. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-016-0518-3
Devi NN, Prabakaran JJ, Wahab F. Phytochemical analysis and enzyme analysis of endophytic fungi from Centella asiatica. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2012;2(3):S1280-4. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60400-6
Kumar V, Prasher IB. Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Dillenia indica Linn. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2023:1-8. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-023-04498-7
Arnold AE. Understanding the diversity of foliar endophytic fungi: progress, challenges, and frontiers. Fungal biology reviews. 2007;21(2-3):51-66. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2007.05.003
Uzma F, Mohan CD, Siddaiah CN, Chowdappa S. Endophytic fungi: Promising source of novel bioactive compounds. Advances in endophytic fungal research: Present status and future challenges. 2019:243-65. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03589-1_12
Chen X, Luo X, Fan M, Zeng W, Yang C, Wu J, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Zhao P. Endophytic fungi from the branches of Camellia taliensis (WW Smith) Melchior, a widely distributed wild tea plant. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2019;35:1-5. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-019-2686-x
Nguyen MH, Shin KC, Lee JK. Fungal Community Analyses of Endophytic Fungi from Two Oak Species, Quercus mongolica and Quercus serrata, in Korea. Mycobiology. 2021;49(4):385-95. Available:https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2021.1948175
Uzma F, Narasimha Murthy K, Srinivas C. Optimization of physiological conditions for L-asparaginase production by endophytic fungi (Fusarium solani) isolated from Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. F & Thomson. European Journal of Experimental Biology. 2016;6(3):37-45.
Yu J, Wu Y, He Z, Li M, Zhu K, Gao B. Diversity and antifungal activity of endophytic fungi associated with Camellia oleifera. Mycobiology. 2018;46(2):85-91. Available:https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2018.1454008
Shubha J, Srinivas C. Diversity and extracellular enzymes of endophytic fungi associated with Cymbidium aloifolium L. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2017;16(48):2248-58. Available:https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2017.16261
Nisa H, Kamili AN, Nawchoo IA, Shafi S, Shameem N, Bandh SA. Fungal endophytes as prolific source of phytochemicals and other bioactive natural products: A review. Microbial pathogenesis. 2015;82:50-9. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2015.04.001
Ramesha A, Srinivas C. Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of crude extracts of endophytic fungi isolated from Plumeria acuminata L. and Plumeria obtusifolia L. Eur J Exp Biol. 2014;4(2):35-43.
Liu JY, Song YC, Zhang Z, Wang L, Guo ZJ, Zou WX, Tan RX. Aspergillus fumigatus CY018, an endophytic fungus in Cynodon dactylon as a versatile producer of new and bioactive metabolites. Journal of biotechnology. 2004;114(3):279-87. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.07.008
Sheng H, Sun X, Yan Y, Yuan Q, Wang J, Shen X. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for the production of flavonoids. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology. 2020;8:589069. Available:https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.589069
Zheng Z, Chai S, Chen J, Yang H, Chang J, Yang GE. Isolation and identification of flavonoid‐producing endophytic fungi from Loranthus tanakae Franch. & Sav that exhibit antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2022;133(3):1892-904. Available:https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.15696
Subban K, Johnpaul M. Prevalence and seasonal periodicity of endophytic coelomycetous fungi in Tamil Nadu, India. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation. 2013 Aug 31;5(8):469-77.
Güçlü-Üstündağ Ö, Mazza G. Saponins: Properties, applications and processing. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2007;47(3):231-58. Available:https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390600698197
Jin Z, Gao L, Zhang L, Liu T, Yu F, Zhang Z, Guo Q, Wang B. Antimicrobial activity of saponins produced by two novel endophytic fungi from Panax notoginseng. Natural Product Research. 2017;31(22): 2700-3. Available:https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1292265
Gao SS, Li XM, Li CS, Proksch P, Wang BG. Penicisteroids A and B, antifungal and cytotoxic polyoxygenated steroids from the marine alga-derived endophytic fungus Penicillium chrysogenum QEN-24S. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters. 2011;21(10):2894-7. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.076
Serrano J, Puupponen‐Pimiä R, Dauer A, Aura AM, Saura‐Calixto F. Tannins: Current knowledge of food sources, intake, bioavailability and biological effects. Molecular nutrition & food research. 2009; 53(S2):S310-29. Available:https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200900039
Sharma KP. Tannin degradation by phytopathogen's tannase: A Plant's defense perspective. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2019;21: 101342. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101342
Isah MB, Tajuddeen N, Umar MI, Alhafiz ZA, Mohammed A, Ibrahim MA. Terpenoids as emerging therapeutic agents: Cellular targets and mechanisms of action against protozoan parasites. Studies in natural products chemistry. 2018;59:227-50.
Bi Y, Yu Y, Yao H, Yuan T. Terpenoids from the endophytic fungus Microdiplodia sp. and their anti-inflammatory activities. Fitoterapia. 2023; 171;105711. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64179-3.00007-4