Effect of Soil Composition on Heavy Metal Uptake and Distribution in White Clover (Trifolium repens L.)
Senad Memić
Komus D.O.O. Gračanica Golači BB, 75326 Gračanica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Sanida Bektić *
Faculty of Science, University of Tuzla, Univerzitetska 4, 75 000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Samira Huseinović
Faculty of Science, University of Tuzla, Univerzitetska 4, 75 000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Soil contamination with heavy metals is becoming an increasingly global issue, as elevated levels of heavy metals exceeding regulatory limits are diminishing agricultural productivity and consequently endangering human health and the environment. This study aimed to assess the seasonal dynamics, accumulation, and translocation of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, and Zn) in the organs of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) depending on soil content. The heavy metal content in soil and white clover samples was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results revealed that the analyzed soil was significantly contaminated with Cu and Zn in the industrial zone (GS) and with Pb near the urban landfill (D3). The content of heavy metals in white clover varied depending on the location and season. It is evident that white clover accumulated certain metals in its roots and leaves during spring, summer, and autumn, including Pb, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn. The analysis results indicated that Fe was the predominant element in white clover roots, while Zn and Fe were most abundant in the leaves. Values of BCF >1 and TF >1 for Zn suggest that white clover is a potential accumulator of this heavy metal.
Keywords: Heavy metals, Trifolium repens, accumulation, translocation