Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activities of Dillenia indica and Ficus exasperata
Journal of Applied Life Sciences International,
Page 9-17
DOI:
10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i330289
Abstract
It has been proven that antimicrobials of plant origin work more efficiently with fewer side effects. This study aimed to identify the phytochemicals in extracts of Dillenia indica and Ficus exasperata and also to examine their antibacterial effect on clinical bacterial isolates (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes). Dry leaves of D. indica and F. exasperata were extracted in ethanol, methanol, distilled water and hot water. The 100% extract solution was further diluted to different concentrations (75%, 50%, and 25%). The extracts were concentrated using a rotary evaporator. Using the agar well diffusion method, the isolates were subjected to the antibacterial action of various concentrations of these extracts. The diameter of the zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters. The data obtained were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine significant (P<0.05) effects. Significant differences between means were determined using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, phenols, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, quinones, and anthrax quinones. Terpenoids were absent. The extracts of the plants inhibited the growth of the bacteria tested with varied effectiveness. The diameter of the zones of inhibition were concentration dependent in all extracts. The maximum antibacterial activities were observed in the organic solvent extracts. When the activity of the plant extract was compared with that of the standard antibiotics used in this work, it was observed that the plant extract compared favourably with those of these standard antibiotics. In conclusion, the results showed that leaf extract of D. indica and F. exasperata have antibacterial activity. Based on the antibacterial activity of D. indica and F. exasperata extracts as revealed by this research, the extracts of these plants can be used in the development of new pharmaceuticals which can be useful as strong therapeutic agent against bacterial pathogenic infections.
Keywords:
- Dillenia indica
- Ficus exasperata
- phytochemicals
- zone of inhibition
- leaf extracts
How to Cite
Ilori, O. J., Abe, I. E., Ibrahim, A. G. G., Afolayan, T. F., & Bassey, O. A. (2022). Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activities of Dillenia indica and Ficus exasperata. Journal of Applied Life Sciences International, 25(3), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i330289
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Padmavati D, Deshpande N, Sarala A. Dillenia indica: A Review on Morphology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Aspects. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2011;4(7):1037–1039.
Yazan LS, Armania N. Dillenia Species: A Review of the Traditional Uses, Active Constituents and Pharmacological Properties from Pre-Clinical Studies. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2014;52(7):890–897.
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Ijeh II, Ukweni AI. Acute Effect of Administration of Ethanol Extracts of Ficus exasperata Vahl on Kidney Function in Albino Rats. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 2007;1(2):27–29.
Woode E, Poku RA, Abotsi WKM. Anticonvulsant Effects of a Leaf Extract of Ficus exasperata Vahl (Moraceae) in Mice. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2011;7(3):405–409.
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Hudzicki J. Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol. American Society for Microbiology. 2009;1- 23.
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Chukwujekwu JC, Van Heerden FR, Van Staden J. Antibacterial Activity of Flavonoids from the Stem Bark of Erythrina caffra Thunb. Phytotherapy Research. 2011;25:46–48.
Katerere DR, Gray AI, Nash RJ, Waigh RD. Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Investigations of Stilbenoids and Flavonoids Isolated from Three Species of Combretaceae. Fitoterapia. 2012;83(5): 932–940.
Navrátilová A, Nešuta O, Vančatová I, Čížek A, Varela MRE, Lopez‐Aban J, Žemličková H. C‐Geranylated Flavonoids from Paulownia tomentosa Fruits with Antimicrobial Potential and Synergistic Activity with Antibiotics. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2016;54(8):1398–1407.
Mazimba O, Masesane IB, Majinda RR. A Flavanone and Antimicrobial Activities of the Constituents of Extracts from Mundulea sericea. Natural Product Research. 2012;26(19):1817–1823.
Al-Shabib NA, Husain FM, Ahmad I, Khan MS, Khan RA, Khan JM. Rutin Inhibits Mono and Multi‐Species Biofilm Formation by Foodborne Drug Resistant Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Food Control. 2017;79:325–332.
Lopes LAA, dos Santos Rodrigues JB, Magnani M, de Souza EL, de Siqueira‐Júnior JP. Inhibitory Effects of Flavonoids on Biofilm Formation by Staphylococcus aureus that Overexpresses Efflux Protein Genes. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2017;107:193–197.
Dzoyem JP, Hamamoto H, Ngameni B, Ngadjui BT, Sekimizu K. Antimicrobial Action Mechanism of Flavonoids from Dorstenia Species. Drug. 2013;75.
Akbari S, Abdurahman NH, Yunus RM. Optimization of Saponins, Phenolics and Antioxidants Extracted from Fenugreek Seeds Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Response Surface Methodology as an Optimizing Tool. Comptes Rendus Chimie. 2019;22:714–727.
Martins N, Barros L, Santos-Buelga C, Henriques M, Silva S, Ferreira ICFR. Evaluation of Bioactive Properties and Phenolic Compounds in Different Extracts Prepared from Salvia officinalis L. Food Chemistry. 2015;170:378–385.
Tanko Y, Alladey O, Ahmed MK, Mohammed A, Musa KY. The Effects of Methanol Leaves Extract of Ficus glumosa on Gastrointestinal Motility and on Castor Oil induced Diarrhea in Laboratory Animals. Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources. 2012;2(3):360- 367.
Amonkan AK, Konan AB, Ahui BM., Bleyere MN, Kouakou LK, Bouafou GM. Diuretic Effects of Aqueous Extract of Ficus exasperata Vahl Leaves in Rat. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2013;16(21):1383-1387.
Anowi CF, Umanah U, Emezie AU, Utoh-Nedosa AU. Anti-Diarrheal, Antispasmodic and Phytochemical Properties of Ethanol Extract of the Leaves of Ficus exasperata. Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012;2(1):26-32.
Makhafola TJ, Eloff JN. Five Ochna Species Have High Antibacterial Activity and More Than Ten Antibacterial Compounds. South Africa Journal of Science. 2012;108:1–6.
Barku VYA, Boye A, Ayaba S. Phytochemical Screening and Assessment of Wound Healing Activity of the Leaves of Anogeissus leiocarpus. European Journal of Experimental Biology. 2013;3:18-25.
Khurm M, Chaudhry BA, Uzair M, Janbaz KH. Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, Phytotoxic and Antioxidant Potential of Heliotropium strigosum Willd. Medicines. 2016;3:1-12.
Amponsah IK, Fleischer TC, Annan K, Dickson RA, Mensah AY, Sarpong FM. Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of the Stem Bark Extract and Fractions of Ficus exasperata Vahl. (Moraceae). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2013;2(3):38-44.
Aribi I, Chemat S, Hamdi-Pacha Y, Luyten W. Isolation of Berberine Tannate Using a Chromatography Activity Guided Fractionation from Root Bark of Berberis hispanica Boiss. & Reut. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies. 2017;40(17):894–899.
Pauw E, Eloff JN. Which Tree Orders in Southern Africa Have the Highest Antimicrobial Activity and Selectivity Against Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens of Animals? BMC Complement and Alternative Medicine. 2014;14(317):1-12.
Shriram V, Khare T, Bhagwat R, Shukla R, Kumar V. Inhibiting Bacterial Drug Efflux Pumps via Phytotherapeutics to Combat Threatening Antimicrobial Resistance. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018;9:1–18.
Eze VC, Ezeja MI, Onoja SO, Obi OI. Antibacterial, Phytochemical and Antioxidant Properties of the Leaf and Root Bark Extract of Baphia nitida On Bacteria Associated with Wound and Enteric Infections. World Journal Pharmaceutical Research. 2015;4(3):1111–1122.
Vinothkumar D, Murugavelh S, Senthilkumar M. Clonal Propagation of Wattakaka Volubilis through Nodal Explant Culture. Ceylon Journal of science, Bio. Science. 2011;40(1):53–58.
World Health Organization (WHO). Commission on Social Determinants of Health Final Report. Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health. Geneva, Switzerland; 2008.
Eggleston K, Zhang R, Zeckhauser RJ. The Global Challenge of Antimicrobial Resistance: Insights from Economic Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2010;7:3141–3149.
Malini M, Abirami G, Hemalatha V, Annadurai G. Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Medicinal Plants against Waste Water Pathogens. International Journal of Research in Pure and Applied Microbiology. 2013;3:40–42.
Refaz AD, Mohd SP. A General Overview of Medicinal Plants: A Review. The Journal of Phytopharmacology. 2017;6(6):349–351.
Pitout JDD. Multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae: New Threat of an Old Problem. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. 2008;6(5):657–669.
Chakupuraka R, Ahmed M, Sobithadevi DN, Chinnappan S, Reynolds T. Urinary Tract Pathogens and Resistance Pattern. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2010;63(7):652-654.
Wessels MR. Pharyngitis and Scarlet fever. In: Ferretti, J.J., Stevens, D.L., and Fischetti, V.A. (Eds.) Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations. University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (OK), USA. 2016;512–525.
Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA. Group A Streptococcal Infections. American Academy of Pediatrics. 2015; 732–744.
Stevens DL, Fischetti VA. (Eds.) Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations. University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (OK), USA, Pp526–539.
Barua CC, Yasmin N, Buragohain L. A Review Update on Dillenia indica, Its Morphology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activity with Reference to Its Anticancer Activity. MOJ Bioequivalence & Bioavailability. 2018;5(5):244‒254.
Rai H, Dr Sajwan SUA. An Overview of Dillenia indica and Their Properties. The Pharma Innovation International Journal. 2020;9(6):41-44.
Padmavati D, Deshpande N, Sarala A. Dillenia indica: A Review on Morphology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Aspects. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2011;4(7):1037–1039.
Yazan LS, Armania N. Dillenia Species: A Review of the Traditional Uses, Active Constituents and Pharmacological Properties from Pre-Clinical Studies. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2014;52(7):890–897.
Odunbaku OA, Ilusanya OA, Akasoro KS. Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Ficus exasperata on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus albus. Scientific Research and Essay. 2008;3(11):562-564.
Ijeh II, Ukweni AI. Acute Effect of Administration of Ethanol Extracts of Ficus exasperata Vahl on Kidney Function in Albino Rats. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 2007;1(2):27–29.
Woode E, Poku RA, Abotsi WKM. Anticonvulsant Effects of a Leaf Extract of Ficus exasperata Vahl (Moraceae) in Mice. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2011;7(3):405–409.
Qasem JR, Abu–Irmaileh BE. Allelopathic Effect of Salvia syriaca L. (Syrian sage) in Wheat. Weed Research. 1985;25:47 – 52.
Sofowora A. Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. John Wiley and Sons Ltd Nigeria. 1982;33-34.
Ghani A. Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka. 1998;78 – 83.
Irobi ON, Moo-Young M, Anderson WA, Daramola SO. Antimicrobial Activity of the Bark of Bridelia ferruginea (Euphobiaceae). International Journal of Pharmacology. 1994;34:87-90.
Hudzicki J. Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol. American Society for Microbiology. 2009;1- 23.
Koyama J. Anti-Infective Quinone Derivatives of Recent Patents. Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discover. 2006;1:113-125.
Šmejkal K, Chudík S, Kloucek P, Marek R, Cvacka J, Urbanová M, Julínek O, Kokoska L, Slapetová T, Holubová P, Zima A, Dvorská M. Antibacterial C-geranylflavonoids from Paulownia tomentosa Fruits. Journal of Natural Products. 2008;71(4):706–709.
Chukwujekwu JC, Van Heerden FR, Van Staden J. Antibacterial Activity of Flavonoids from the Stem Bark of Erythrina caffra Thunb. Phytotherapy Research. 2011;25:46–48.
Katerere DR, Gray AI, Nash RJ, Waigh RD. Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Investigations of Stilbenoids and Flavonoids Isolated from Three Species of Combretaceae. Fitoterapia. 2012;83(5): 932–940.
Navrátilová A, Nešuta O, Vančatová I, Čížek A, Varela MRE, Lopez‐Aban J, Žemličková H. C‐Geranylated Flavonoids from Paulownia tomentosa Fruits with Antimicrobial Potential and Synergistic Activity with Antibiotics. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2016;54(8):1398–1407.
Mazimba O, Masesane IB, Majinda RR. A Flavanone and Antimicrobial Activities of the Constituents of Extracts from Mundulea sericea. Natural Product Research. 2012;26(19):1817–1823.
Al-Shabib NA, Husain FM, Ahmad I, Khan MS, Khan RA, Khan JM. Rutin Inhibits Mono and Multi‐Species Biofilm Formation by Foodborne Drug Resistant Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Food Control. 2017;79:325–332.
Lopes LAA, dos Santos Rodrigues JB, Magnani M, de Souza EL, de Siqueira‐Júnior JP. Inhibitory Effects of Flavonoids on Biofilm Formation by Staphylococcus aureus that Overexpresses Efflux Protein Genes. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2017;107:193–197.
Dzoyem JP, Hamamoto H, Ngameni B, Ngadjui BT, Sekimizu K. Antimicrobial Action Mechanism of Flavonoids from Dorstenia Species. Drug. 2013;75.
Akbari S, Abdurahman NH, Yunus RM. Optimization of Saponins, Phenolics and Antioxidants Extracted from Fenugreek Seeds Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Response Surface Methodology as an Optimizing Tool. Comptes Rendus Chimie. 2019;22:714–727.
Martins N, Barros L, Santos-Buelga C, Henriques M, Silva S, Ferreira ICFR. Evaluation of Bioactive Properties and Phenolic Compounds in Different Extracts Prepared from Salvia officinalis L. Food Chemistry. 2015;170:378–385.
Tanko Y, Alladey O, Ahmed MK, Mohammed A, Musa KY. The Effects of Methanol Leaves Extract of Ficus glumosa on Gastrointestinal Motility and on Castor Oil induced Diarrhea in Laboratory Animals. Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources. 2012;2(3):360- 367.
Amonkan AK, Konan AB, Ahui BM., Bleyere MN, Kouakou LK, Bouafou GM. Diuretic Effects of Aqueous Extract of Ficus exasperata Vahl Leaves in Rat. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2013;16(21):1383-1387.
Anowi CF, Umanah U, Emezie AU, Utoh-Nedosa AU. Anti-Diarrheal, Antispasmodic and Phytochemical Properties of Ethanol Extract of the Leaves of Ficus exasperata. Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012;2(1):26-32.
Makhafola TJ, Eloff JN. Five Ochna Species Have High Antibacterial Activity and More Than Ten Antibacterial Compounds. South Africa Journal of Science. 2012;108:1–6.
Barku VYA, Boye A, Ayaba S. Phytochemical Screening and Assessment of Wound Healing Activity of the Leaves of Anogeissus leiocarpus. European Journal of Experimental Biology. 2013;3:18-25.
Khurm M, Chaudhry BA, Uzair M, Janbaz KH. Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, Phytotoxic and Antioxidant Potential of Heliotropium strigosum Willd. Medicines. 2016;3:1-12.
Amponsah IK, Fleischer TC, Annan K, Dickson RA, Mensah AY, Sarpong FM. Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of the Stem Bark Extract and Fractions of Ficus exasperata Vahl. (Moraceae). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2013;2(3):38-44.
Aribi I, Chemat S, Hamdi-Pacha Y, Luyten W. Isolation of Berberine Tannate Using a Chromatography Activity Guided Fractionation from Root Bark of Berberis hispanica Boiss. & Reut. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies. 2017;40(17):894–899.
Pauw E, Eloff JN. Which Tree Orders in Southern Africa Have the Highest Antimicrobial Activity and Selectivity Against Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens of Animals? BMC Complement and Alternative Medicine. 2014;14(317):1-12.
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